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1 animal graft
s.injerto animal. -
2 animal graft
1) Медицина: гетеротрансплантат, ксенотрансплантат2) Иммунология: зоотрансплантат3) Трансплантология: животный трансплантат (ткани животного, используемые для пересадки) -
3 animal graft
мед.сущ. гетеротрансплантат -
4 animal graft
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5 graft
трансплантат (см. тж transplant); трансплантировать, пересаживатьallogenic graft — аллотрансплантат, гомотрансплантат
autodermic graft — кожный аутотрансплантат, аутологичный кожный лоскут
Blair-Brown graft — эпидермальный лоскут, тонкий лоскут кожи, расщеплённый лоскут
bucket-handled graft — (мигрирующий) филатовский стебель, мигрирующий лоскут
cortical matchstick grafts — костные трансплантаты в виде «вязанки хвороста»
cutis graft — кожный трансплантат, кожный лоскут
dermal graft — кожный трансплантат, кожный лоскут
dermic graft — кожный лоскут, кожный трансплантат
Douglas graft — сетчатый [решётчатый] трансплантат, «лоскут-сито» Дугласа
epidermic graft — эпидермальный лоскут, тонкий лоскут кожи, расщеплённый лоскут
handle bucket graft — (мигрирующий) филатовский стебель, мигрирующий лоскут
heterodermic graft — ксеногенный кожный лоскут, уст. гетерогенный кожный лоскут
heterologous graft — ксенотрансплантат, уст. гетеротрансплантат
heteroplastic graft — ксенотрансплантат, уст. гетеротрансплантат
heterotopic graft — гетеротопический трансплантат (ткань или орган, пересаженные в не соответствующую им анатомическую область тела реципиента)
homocellular graft — органный трансплантат; трансплантируемый орган
homostructural graft — трансплантат из внеклеточного матрикса; внеорганный трансплантат
integumentary graft — оболочечный лоскут, пересаживаемая оболочка ( у беспозвоночных), интегументарный трансплантат
islet graft — островковый трансплантат (предназначенный для пересадки участок поджелудочной железы, содержащий островки Лангерганса)
jump graft — (мигрирующий) филатовский стебель, мигрирующий лоскут
organ graft — органный трансплантат; трансплантируемый орган
razor graft — эпидермальный лоскут, тонкий лоскут кожи, расщеплённый лоскут
retransplant graft — вторично пересаженный орган, ретрансплантат
rope graft — (мигрирующий) филатовский стебель, мигрирующий лоскут
seed graft — эпидермальный лоскут, тонкий лоскут кожи, расщеплённый лоскут
sieve graft — сетчатый [решётчатый] трансплантат, «лоскут-сито» Дугласа
split-skin graft — эпидермальный лоскут, тонкий лоскут кожи, расщеплённый лоскут
syngeneic graft — сингенный трансплантат, синотрансплантат
thick-split graft — лоскут кожи с захватом 3/4 её глубины
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6 skin
skin
1. noun1) (the natural outer covering of an animal or person: She couldn't stand the feel of wool against her skin; A snake can shed its skin.) piel2) (a thin outer layer, as on a fruit: a banana-skin; onion-skins.) piel, cáscara3) (a (thin) film or layer that forms on a liquid: Boiled milk often has a skin on it.) película
2. verb(to remove the skin from: He skinned and cooked the rabbit.) despellejar, desollar- skin flick
- skin-tight
- by the skin of one's teeth
skin n pieltr[skɪn]1 (of person) piel nombre femenino; (of face) cutis nombre masculino, piel nombre femenino; (complexion) tez nombre femenino■ she has light/dark skin tiene la piel clara/morena4 (of sausage) pellejo5 (on paint) telilla, capa fina; (on milk, custard, etc) nata6 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL (of plane etc) revestimiento1 (animal, fish) desollar, despellejar2 (fruit, vegetable) pelar3 (elbow, knee) arañar, rascar, hacerse un rasguño en\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLit's no skin off my nose a mí me da lo mismo, a mí me trae sin cuidadoto be all skin and bone(s) estar en los huesosby the skin of one's teeth por los pelosto get under somebody's skin (annoy) irritar a alguien, crispar (los nervios) a alguien, sacar a alguien de quicioto have a thick skin ser poco sensibleto have a thin skin ser muy susceptibleto jump out of one's skin llevarse un sustoto save one's own skin salvar el pellejoto skin somebody alive desollar vivo,-a a alguienskin care cuidado de la pielskin cream crema para la pielskin diving buceo, submarinismoskin graft injerto cutáneoskin test cutirreacción nombre femeninoskin n1) : piel f, cutis m (de la cara)dark skin: piel morena2) rind: piel fn.• corteza s.f.• cuero s.m.• cutis s.m.• dermis s.f.• hollejo s.m.• monda s.f.• pelleja s.f.• pellejo s.m.• piel s.m.v.• cicatrizarse v.• descortezar v.• desollar v.• despellejar v.• excoriar v.• pelar v.
I skɪna) u ( of person) piel f; (esp of face; in terms of quality, condition) cutis m, piel f; ( in terms of color) tez f, piel fby the skin of one's teeth — por un pelo (fam), por los pelos (fam)
it's no skin off my nose — a mí me trae sin cuidado, ¿a mí qué me importa?
to be all skin and bones — estar* hecho un esqueleto, estar* en los huesos
to get under somebody's skin — (colloq) crisparle los nervios a alguien, sacar* a alguien de quicio
to have a thick/thin skin — ser* insensible/muy sensible a las críticas
to have somebody under one's skin — (colloq) estar* loco por alguien (fam)
to jump o leap out of one's skin: I nearly jumped out of my skin when... casi me muero del susto cuando... (fam); (before n) < disease> de la piel, cutáneo; skin graft — injerto m (cutáneo); save I 1) a)
b) u c (of animal, bird, fish) piel fc) u c (of tomatoes, plums, sausage) piel f; (of potatoes, bananas) piel f, cáscara fd) u (on milk, custard) nata f; ( on paint) capa f dura
II
a) \<\<animal\>\> despellejar, desollar*to skin somebody alive — desollar* vivo a alguien, arrancarle* la piel a tiras a alguien
skin the tomatoes — quíteles la piel a los tomates, pele los tomates
b) ( scrape) \<\<knee/elbow\>\> despellejar, pelar[skɪn]1. N1) [of person] piel f ; [of face] cutis m ; (=complexion) tez f- be skin and bone- jump out of one's skin- save one's skin- have a thick/thin skin- get under sb's skin4) (=crust) (on paint, milk pudding) nata f5) (for wine) odre m6) (Aer, Naut) revestimiento m7) * = skinhead8) (Drugs) ** (=cigarette paper) papelillo * m, papel m de fumar2. VT1) [+ animal] despellejar, desollarI'll skin him alive! — (fig) ¡lo voy a matar! *, ¡lo voy a desollar vivo!
- keep one's eyes skinned for sth2) [+ fruit] pelar, quitar la piel a; [+ tree] descortezar3) (=graze)to skin one's knee/elbow — desollarse la rodilla/el codo
4) ** (=steal from) despellejar, esquilmar3.CPDskin cancer N — cáncer m de piel
skin colour N — (=colour of one's skin) color m de la piel; (=shade) color m natural
skin disease N — enfermedad f de la piel
skin diver N — buceador(a) m / f, buzo mf, submarinista mf
skin diving N — buceo m, submarinismo m
skin flick * N — película f porno *
skin freshener N — tónico m para la piel
skin game * N — (US) estafa f
skin graft(ing) N — injerto m de piel
skin trade * N — publicación f de revistas porno
skin wound N — herida f superficial
- skin up* * *
I [skɪn]a) u ( of person) piel f; (esp of face; in terms of quality, condition) cutis m, piel f; ( in terms of color) tez f, piel fby the skin of one's teeth — por un pelo (fam), por los pelos (fam)
it's no skin off my nose — a mí me trae sin cuidado, ¿a mí qué me importa?
to be all skin and bones — estar* hecho un esqueleto, estar* en los huesos
to get under somebody's skin — (colloq) crisparle los nervios a alguien, sacar* a alguien de quicio
to have a thick/thin skin — ser* insensible/muy sensible a las críticas
to have somebody under one's skin — (colloq) estar* loco por alguien (fam)
to jump o leap out of one's skin: I nearly jumped out of my skin when... casi me muero del susto cuando... (fam); (before n) < disease> de la piel, cutáneo; skin graft — injerto m (cutáneo); save I 1) a)
b) u c (of animal, bird, fish) piel fc) u c (of tomatoes, plums, sausage) piel f; (of potatoes, bananas) piel f, cáscara fd) u (on milk, custard) nata f; ( on paint) capa f dura
II
a) \<\<animal\>\> despellejar, desollar*to skin somebody alive — desollar* vivo a alguien, arrancarle* la piel a tiras a alguien
skin the tomatoes — quíteles la piel a los tomates, pele los tomates
b) ( scrape) \<\<knee/elbow\>\> despellejar, pelar -
7 skin
1 noun(a) (of person) peau f;∎ to have dark/fair skin avoir la peau brune/claire;∎ to have bad/good skin avoir une vilaine/jolie peau;∎ I always wear cotton next to my skin je porte toujours du coton sur la peau;∎ you're nothing but skin and bone tu n'as que la peau et les os;∎ we're all human under the skin au fond, nous sommes tous humains;∎ she escaped by the skin of her teeth elle l'a échappé belle, elle s'en est tirée de justesse;∎ he got into office by the skin of his teeth il a été élu de justesse;∎ she nearly jumped out of her skin elle a sauté au plafond;∎ familiar it's no skin off my nose ça m'est égal, ce n'est pas mon problème;∎ familiar he really gets under my skin il me tape sur les nerfs, celui-là;∎ familiar I've got her under my skin je l'ai dans la peau;∎ to save one's skin sauver sa peau;∎ to be soaked to the skin être trempé jusqu'aux os;(b) (of animal) peau f;∎ to cast or shed its skin (snake) muer;∎ a crocodile-skin handbag un sac en crocodile∎ potatoes cooked in their skins des pommes de terre en robe de chambre ou des champs(d) (on milk, sauce, pudding) peau f;∎ take the skin off the custard enlevez la peau de la crème anglaise(f) (for wine) outre f(cancer, disease, tone) de la peau∎ figurative if I find him I'll skin him alive si je le trouve, je l'écorche vif;∎ proverb there's more than one way to skin a cat = il y a bien des moyens d'arriver à ses fins(b) (graze → limb) écorcher;∎ I skinned my knee je me suis écorché le genou∎ he got skinned at cards il s'est laissé plumer aux cartes;∎ you've been skinned tu t'es fait avoir ou arnaquer∎ skin me! tape-moi dans la main!very familiar (drums) batterie□ f►► skin cream crème f pour la peau;skin diver plongeur(euse) m,f;skin diving plongée f sous-marine;familiar skin flick film m porno;skin food (UNCOUNT) crème f nourrissante (pour la peau);familiar skin game arnaque f;skin graft greffe f de la peau;∎ to have a skin graft subir une greffe de la peau;skin grafting greffage m de la peau;familiar skin mag revue f porno;skin patch timbre m transdermique;Medicine skin test cuti-réaction f -
8 skin
skin [skɪn]1. nouna. [of person, animal] peau f• she has good/bad skin elle a une jolie/vilaine peau• it's no skin off my nose! (inf!) ( = does not affect me) pour ce que ça me coûte ! ; ( = does not concern me) ce n'est pas mon problème ![+ animal] dépouiller• I'll skin him alive! (inf) je vais l'écorcher tout vif !3. compounds* * *[skɪn] 1.1) ( of person) peau f2) ( of animal) peau f4) (on hot milk, cocoa) peau f2.transitive verb (p prés etc - nn-)1) Culinary dépecer [animal]2) ( graze)••to be ou get soaked to the skin — être trempé jusqu'aux os (colloq)
it's no skin off my nose ou back — (colloq) je m'en balance (colloq)
to keep one's eyes skinned — rester attentif or vigilant
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9 Trembley, Abraham
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 3 September 1710 Geneva, Switzerlandd. 12 May 1784 Petit Sacconex, Switzerland[br]Swiss philosopher and experimental zoologist, pioneer of tissue grafting.[br]Educated at Geneva, he later became a tutor to Count Bentinck's family near Leiden. It was during this time, from 1733 to 1743, that he undertook the studies of the organism Hydra that led, in October 1742, to the first permanent graft of animal tissues. His work covered the whole range of possibilities in tissue regeneration and grafting, but he was also engaged in other studies of the protozoa and c. 1760 he made the first observations of cell division. In 1750 he was entrusted with the care of the son and heir of the Duke of Richmond and in 1757, having escorted the young duke all over the European continent, he was able to retire in comfort to the country at Petit Sacconex.The advice and counsel of Réaumur was of considerable support to him, bearing in mind that many including Voltaire found it impossible to accept that an animal could be multiplied by cutting it into pieces.[br]Principal Honours find DistinctionsFRS 1743.Bibliography1744, Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire d'un genre de polypes d'eau douce, à bras en forme des cornes, Leiden.Further ReadingJ.R.Baker, 1952, Abraham Trembley of Geneva: Scientist and Philosopher, 1710–1784.MG -
10 structure
1) сооружение; конструкция2) конструкция; устройство; схема3) структура; строение4) система6) форма; вид7) эл. опора•- accordion stitch structure -
acicular structure
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active substrate structure
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air-inflated structure
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air structure
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aligned structure
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alignment structure
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all-metal structure
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angle structure
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antiavalanche structure
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appurtenant structure
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Aran structure
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arborescent structure
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aromatic structure
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array structure
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as-hardened structure
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atlas structure
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atomic structure
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austenitic structure
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automatically erectable structure
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avalanche injection structure
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backbone structure
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backward-wave structure
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balanced atlas structure
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balloon structure
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band structure
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barrier injection structure
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base-coupled structure
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basic structure
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bearing structure
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bearing-wall structure
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benzene-like structure
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bipolar diffused structure
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bipolar junction structure
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bird's eye backing jacquard structure
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blackberry stitch structure
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blister structure
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block structure
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block-graft structure
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body structure
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boundary structure
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bourrelet structure
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box-like space structure
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braced structure
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branched structure
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bubble stitch structure
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building structure
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bulk structure
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buried structure
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buried-collector structure
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buried-gate structure
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buried-oxide MOS structure
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bus-organized structure
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bus structure
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cable stitch structure
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cable-stayed structure
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camera structure
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catenary suspension structure
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cellular structure
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chain structure
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chain-packed structure
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charge injection structure
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charge transfer structure
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charge-coupled structure
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check structure
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chemical structure
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cholesteric structure
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circus-support structure
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closed structure
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close-grained structure
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close-packed structure
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clustered structure
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coagulation structure
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coast-protecting structure
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collector-coupled structure
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columnar structure
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complementary MOS structure
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compliance structure
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condensation structure
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continuous structure
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control structure
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controlled eutectic structure
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core support structure
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course structure
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crest structure
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cross plating structure
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cross-armless structure
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cross-linked structure
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cross-miss structure
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cross-rope suspension structure
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cross-tuck structure
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crystalline structure
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crystal structure
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cubic structure
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cutting structure
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daisy-chain structure
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dangerous structure
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data structure
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dead-end structure
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debris retaining structure
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deep structure
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delay-line structure
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dendrite structure
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determinate structure
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diffused-gate structure
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disordered structure
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docking module launch support structure
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domain structure
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dotted structure
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double epitaxial structure
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double-avalanche structure
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double-diffused MOS structure
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double-implanted structure
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double-polysilicon structure
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double-poly structure
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drawing file structure
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drilling bit bearing structure
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drill bit bearing structure
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drop structure
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dropped stitch structure
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duplex structure
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earth structure
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earthquake-proof structure
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earth-retaining structure
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eightlock structure
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embroidery plating structure
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emitter-coupled structure
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energy-band structure
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engineering structure
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epitaxial structure
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evermonte structure
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exterior structure
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eyelet structure
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fabric structure
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fabricated structure
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fail-safe structure
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fancy stitch structure
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faulted structure
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fendering structure
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fibrous structure
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field structure
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field-interleaved structure
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file structure
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filiform molecule structure
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filler structure
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film guiding structure
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film handling structure
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film structure
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fine structure
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fine-grain structure
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fire-tree structure
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fish protection structure
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flaky structure
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flexible structure
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float plated fishnet structure
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float plated structure
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float stitch structure
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floated-in structure
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floating dock structure
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floating gate MOS structure
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floating gate structure
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flood-regulating structure
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floor structure
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flow-measuring structure
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folded-plate structure
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frame structure
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framed structure
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frame-like structure
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French pique structure
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fringe structure
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full cardigan rib structure
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full cardigan structure
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full tricot structure
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full-jacquard structure
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functional structure
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gate-operation structure
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gel structure
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geological structure
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glass structure
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glass-like structure
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grade separation structure
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graded structure
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graphoepitaxial structure
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gravity-dependent structure
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gravity structure
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grid structure
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groundwater intake structure
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guard-ring structure
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guide structure
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hairpin structure
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half-cardigan structure
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half-transfer stitch structure
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herringbone twill structure
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heteroepitaxial structure
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heterogeneous structure
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heterojunction structure
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H-frame structure
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hierarchical sensory-control structure
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hierarchical structure
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highly refined structure
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high-performance MOS structure
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homogeneous structure
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honeycomb structure
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horizontal striped backing jacquard structure
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hydraulic structure
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hydrodynamic dissipative structure
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hyperfine structure
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hyperstatic structure
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image structure
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indeterminate structure
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industrial structure
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inflatable structure
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ingot structure
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inlay lap stitch structure
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in-line structure
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instruction structure
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insulated gate structure
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insulated substrate structure
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intake structure
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interdigital structure
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interior structure
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interlock stitch structure
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ionic gating structures
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ion gating structures
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ion-implanted structure
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ion-selective field-effect structure
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isle structure
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jacquard structure
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jersey structure
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jointless structure
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jumbo structure
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junction field-effect structure
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junction-isolated structure
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knitted structure
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knock-off lap stitch structure
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lace stitch structure
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ladder structure
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ladderproof structure
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lamellar structure
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laminated structure
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lateral structure
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lattice structure
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layer-like structure
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light-trapping structure
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line structure
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linear structure
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line-interleaved structure
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line-locked structure
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line-quincunx structure
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linked structure
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links-links structure
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liquid-like structure
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list structure
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locknit structure
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logical structure
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logic structure
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looped plush structure
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looped tuck structure
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loosely packed structure
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macromolecular structure
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magnetic structure
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mammoth structure
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manipulator erectable structure
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manually erectable structure
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marine structure
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marquisette structure
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mat structure
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mesa strip structure
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mesa structure
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mesh structure
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metal-insulator-semiconductor structure
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metallized semiconductor gate structure
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metal-nitride-oxide-semiconductor structure
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metal-nitride-semiconductor structure
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metal-oxide-metal structure
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metal-oxide-semiconductor structure
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microgel structure
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micromesh structure
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Milano rib structure
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mock rib structure
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mode structure
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modular structure
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mosaic structure
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moss stitch structure
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multicollector structure
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multiemitter structure
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multilayer structure
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multilevel structure
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multi-microprocessor structure
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multispan structure
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multituck structure
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n-channel structure
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nematic structure
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net structure
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netting structure
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network structure
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nipple stitch structure
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n-MOS structure
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nonbearing structure
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n-p-n structure
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nuclear structure
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ocean structure
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ocean thermal structure
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offshore marine structure
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offshore structure
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open stitch structure
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open structure
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open-neck structure
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open-pile braced structure
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orbiting structure
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ordered structure
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orthogonal structure
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orthorhombic structure
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ottoman structure
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overaged structure
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pattern purl stitch structure
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patterned structure
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p-channel structure
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pelerine structure
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periodic structure
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permanent structure
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photovoltaic equipped parking and shade structure
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p-i-n structure
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pin tuck structure
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planar structure
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p-MOS structure
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p-n-p structure
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polycrystalline structure
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polycrystal structure
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ponte di Roma structure
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popcorn stitch structure
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portal structure
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power system structure
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pressurized structure
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prestressed structure
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primary structure
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protecting structure
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purification structure
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purl structure
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quarternary structure
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queenscord structure
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quenched-and-tempered structure
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rack stitch structure
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racked full-cardigan structure
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racked half-cardigan structure
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racked rib structure
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random structure
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reactor top structure
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redundant structure
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reflecting structure
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regular crystal structure
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regular structure
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reticular structure
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reverse locknit structure
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reversed mesa structure
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reversible jacquard structure
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reversible racked rib structure
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rhombic structure
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rhombohedral structure
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rib structure
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rib transfer stitch structure
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rib-jacquard structure
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rigid structure
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ring structure
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ring-like structure
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ripple stitch structure
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rod-like structure
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rotorcraft flight structure
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rugged structure
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run-resist structure
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sandwich structure
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satin stripe structure
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Schottky-gate structure
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screwdown structure
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seam structure
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secondary structure
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segregation-free structure
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selected backing jacquara structure
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self-aligned gate structure
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self-floating structure
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self-registered gate structure
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semiconductor structure
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semiconductor-metal-semiconductor structure
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separation structure
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shaft structure
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sharkskin structure
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shell stitch structure
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shell structure
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shutter structure
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silicon-on-insulator structure
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silicon-on-sapphire structure
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simple structure
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single Lacoste structure
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single-crystal structure
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single-layer structure
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single-level structure
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single-pique structure
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sinker mesh structure
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skeleton structure
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skin-core structure
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slaty structure
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slowing structure
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sluiceway structure
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smectic structure
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soil structure
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solar animal structure
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solid-state structure
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solid structure
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space structure
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spiral cloud structure
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stable structure
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stacked structure
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star-type structure
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star structure
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statically determinate structure
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statically indeterminate structure
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stockinette structure
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streaky structure
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stressed-skin structure
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stress-relieved structure
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subgrain structure
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submerged structure
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submicrometer structure
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substatic structure
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subsurface ingot structure
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superlattice structure
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supporting structure
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surface structure
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suspension structure
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Swiss pique structure
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tailrace structure
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tangent structure
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tank supporting structure
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temporary structure
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terry stitch structure
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tertiary structure
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test structure
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tetragonal structure
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texipique structure
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thin-slab structure
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three-dimensional structure
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tidal regulating structure
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tied-in floats structure
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torsion box structure
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tower-base structure
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track structure
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training structure
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transferred sinker stitch structure
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trashrack structure
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tree-type structure
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tree structure
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triclinic structure
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trigonal structure
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tuck purl structure
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tuck rib honeycomb structure
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tuck ripple structure
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tuck-interlock structure
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tunnel access structure
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turnout structure
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twill backing jacquard structure
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twin structure
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twist nematic structure
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two-needle overlap stitch structure
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underground structure
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underlying structure
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unipolar structure
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unstable structure
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variable-gap structure
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vesicular structure
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V-groove MOS structure
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void structure
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warp knit meshes structure
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water conveyance structure
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water-diverting structure
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waterflow retarding structure
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waterfront structure
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water-retaining structure
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waterside structure
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weft insertion structure
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welt structure
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woody structure
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wrap embroidery structure
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wrought structure -
11 hybrid
1. n гибрид2. n лингв. скрещение, гибрид3. a гибридный4. a смешанный, составленный из разнородных элементовСинонимический ряд:1. bastard (noun) bastard; composite; cross; crossbred; crossbreed; half blood; half-breed; mongrel; mule; mutt2. combination (noun) combination; medley; mixtureАнтонимический ряд:
См. также в других словарях:
Graft — Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. For example, skin grafts can be used to cover areas of skin that have been burned or surgically… … Medical dictionary
graft — [15] Graft, in its original sense ‘plant part inserted into a living plant’ (the application to skin and other animal tissue is a late 19thcentury development), came from its resemblance in shape to a pencil. Greek graphíon meant ‘writing… … The Hutchinson dictionary of word origins
graft — [15] Graft, in its original sense ‘plant part inserted into a living plant’ (the application to skin and other animal tissue is a late 19thcentury development), came from its resemblance in shape to a pencil. Greek graphíon meant ‘writing… … Word origins
Animal testing on non-human primates — Image taken inside Covance Experiments involving non human primates (NHPs) include toxicity testing for medical and non medical substances; studies of infectious disease, such as HIV and hepatitis; neurological studies; behavior and cognition;… … Wikipedia
graft-versus-host response — When a graft of lymphocytes or a graft containing lymphocytes is made into an animal these may, if appropriately mismatched at MHC Class I to their host, produce lymphocyte clones that will react by a variety of processes against the host and… … Dictionary of molecular biology
animal tissue — noun the tissue in the bodies of animals • Hypernyms: ↑tissue • Hyponyms: ↑chalaza, ↑embryonic tissue, ↑coronet, ↑epithelium, ↑epithelial tissue, ↑flesh, ↑ … Useful english dictionary
Skin graft — Skin Skin, n. [Icel. skinn; akin to Sw. skinn, Dan. skind, AS. scinn, G. schined to skin.] 1. (Anat.) The external membranous integument of an animal. [1913 Webster] Note: In man, and the vertebrates generally, the skin consist of two layers, an… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
I Am Not an Animal — infobox television show name = I Am Not An Animal caption = The cast of I Am Not an Animal (featured from left to right are Hugh the monkey, Mark the bird, Philip the horse, Claire the rat, and Winona the pittbull) format = Comedy runtime = 30… … Wikipedia
brephoplastic graft — the transplantation of tissue from an embryo or newborn to an adult animal … Medical dictionary
zoograft — A graft of tissue from an animal to a human. SYN: animal graft, zooplastic graft … Medical dictionary
transplant — transplantable, adj. transplantation, n. transplanter, n. v. /trans plant , plahnt /; n. /trans plant , plahnt /, v.t. 1. to remove (a plant) from one place and plant it in another. 2. Surg. to transfer (an organ, tissue, etc.) from one part of… … Universalium